Functional and Molecular Classification of .BETA.-lactamases.

A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure.

Updated Functional Classification of -Lactamases

Two classification schemes for -lactamases are currently in use. The molecular classification is based on the amino acid sequence and divides -lactamases into class A, C, and D enzymes which utilize serine for -lactam hydrolysis and class B metalloenzymes which require divalent zinc ions for substrate hydrolysis. The functional classification scheme updated herein is based on the 1995 proposal ...

Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases: Definition, Classification and Epidemiology.

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as enzymes produced by certain bacteria that are able to hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporin. They are therefore effective against beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and oxyimino-monobactam. The objective of the current review is to provide a better understanding of ESBL and the epidemiology of ESBL pr...

the effect of functional/notional approach on the proficiency level of efl learners and its evaluation through functional test

in fact, this study focused on the following questions: 1. is there any difference between the effect of functional/notional approach and the structural approaches to language teaching on the proficiency test of efl learners? 2. can a rather innovative language test referred to as "functional test" ge devised so so to measure the proficiency test of efl learners, and thus be as much reliable an...

Extended - spectrum Beta - lactamases

Beta-lactamase enzymes (BLs) have become the most worrisome mediators of antimicrobial resistance expressed by gram-negative bacteria (GNB). The multiple families of BLs have in common the ability to hydrolyze the -lactam rings of one or more members of the penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) are a subset of BLs that conf...